Matthew Arnold 

    

1)  mathew arnold's concept of comparison and the concept of disintresredness is really perfect in this regard. the critic should be good at reading so that he can compare any literary work and judge well. he should not have any prejudice in his mind.

2)   this second idea is not appropriate for recent time because every work has it's own importante  we cannot ralate any work with any other work and everyone has their own choice to convey ideas &thought.

 

      

Aristotle poetic justice 

1)   i don't agree with Plato's objection.Because in Victorian age Robert browning believe faith in human nature,freedom,and progress.he gives a wonderful poem "pippa's song".in this poem we can see Pippa is a only girl work with many boys.she don't have any fear work with boy. so, that is wonderful example of  freedom of expression.

2)  )I have studid many tragedy in B.A programme in which Ghashiram kotawal ,we have see hamartia and concept of tragedy also .Ghashiram was main protogonist and tragic hero.

3)  With reference to the literary texts I have studied during B.A. and which has not followed the Aristotelian tradition that is “Bluest Eyes”- by Toni Morrison. In this novel there seems ‘concept of tragedy and catharsis but there is lake of hamartia’.

4)  ) As we seen above that Othello is follow the rules of aristotalian tragedy accept few of are not followbut most of that follow by shakespear.

5)  Othello is the protagonist of the play. Othello’s hamartia include jealousy, a blind unrealistic love for Desdemona. Trusting other easily and unrealized ability to device himself.

Coleridge 

The difference between prose and poetry is as below:
'' Poem is a work which is made up of highly rhythmic and lyrical words." It is used to express the imagination of a poet in an extraordinary form. When the one write poem, his or her feeling is not like a common person. They think different, they can see different and express their observation and views differently. That makes poem. 
, Simple sentence: The sun and moon looks like they are revolving around the earth.

Poem : The sun and moon revolving around the Earth;
              As if they suggest the circle of death and Birth. (Self made)

Ans --2

Between Poe and Poetry,
Poem from poetry Coleridge points out that “poetry of the highest kind may exist without metre and even without the contradistinction objects of a poem”. He gives example of the writings of Plato, Jeremy Taylor and Bible. The quality of the prose in this writings is equal to that of high poetry. He also asserts that the Poem of any length neither can be, nor ought to be, all poetry.
It is a Distinction resulting from the poetic genius itself, which sustains and modifies the images, thoughts, and emotions of the poet’s own mind. This is so because ‘Poetry” for Coleridge is an activity of the poet’s mind and a poem is merely one of the forms of its expression, a verbal expression of that activity, and poetic activity is basically an activity of the imagination.

Wordsworth

Respected sir…

1) Difference between Romanticism and classicism
    1.     Romantics believe that nature was powerful and constantly changing.
     Classicists believe that nature could be rationalized and, therefore completely understood.
      Scientific thought difference.
  2.  Romantics believe that they should embrace their own individual innovations.
   The classicists believe that man should conform to universal thought and ideas.
    Romanticism developed in the 18th century partially as a reaction against the ideals of     Classicism and expresses beauty through imagination and powerful emotions.    Classicism defines beauty as that which demonstrates balance and order.

2)        He is a man speaking to men: a man, it is true, endowed with more lively sensibility, more enthusiasm and tenderness.
He has a greater knowledge of human nature, and a more comprehensive soul, than one supposed to be common among mankind.
He is a man pleased with his own passions and volition, and who rejoices more than other men in spirit of life that is in him; delighting to contemplate similar volition and passions manifested in the goings-on f Universe, and habitually compelled to create them where he does not find them.

3 )    He favor on our controversial language use in regular life and to relate to describe them throughout as far as possible in a selection of language really used by men. Language used by a common people.

4  )   poetry is like an imagination of poet’s mind nobody can directly understand. What he says thru his creation.

5.)
       Daffodils is the best example of Wordsworth's definition of poetry poetry is a spontaneous overflow of a powerful feeling, recollected in tranquility.  We all see beauty of nature by our different point of views  but we cannot recollect and express that delight in tranquility. But hear Wordsworth enjoys the nature and describe it in a beautiful way. We can see nature is its best in this poetry. Every think is wonderfully represent in this poem and all readers enjoy a lot and at the last Dances with the daffodils.

Thank you sir.................................. 

Post truth meaning 

Relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.

‘in this era of post-truth politics, it's easy to cherry-pick data and come to whatever conclusion you desire’

‘some commentators have observed that we are living in a post-truth age’

Here some video in the post truth 

Some video 

Post truth 

'Post truth' this term is especially pertinent to governmental issues. Since government officials oftenly utilizes this trap for elections.First they give fake guarantees and people groups begin accepting as though it going to happen.One case of post truth is Indian head administrator Narendra Modi and demonetisation. From declaration of this choice numerous incredible market analysts of the world had been stating with reasons that this progression isn't right. It truly fizzled and individuals confronted such a large number of troubles however Modi over and again said this is correct and he made individuals trust he is correct regardless of the possibility that his falling flat.

pehredar piyaki

               

   Iin   this serial performance to childish ratan and younge lady diya a that show was amaging becuse of the nine year old child foll in love with diya .she has been already big then ratan that camistry is not like a joke because that love is not seen the age any person is a filling of heart and making a love .ratan is atract to the younge beauty lady and then follow she and that time cocroch and save the lady. 

                                   
  Second point is ratan has 9th year old it,it has a still to love his mother ,it is inappropriate  to love a girl with an older girles unfair of the socitey this seriol is making only  for the romance between younge and childish boy this matter is not like public and to asys about to ban and blocked the seriol because that our nation is socio culture so is it not fair but one thing is powerful then it everything is fair in love.

     

                 

      This seriol is not based on child marriage because of only for making this seriol entertainment entertainment entertainment this seriol is only drama of the actor and actress devlopes brining out the best excerpt contained in his soul so i have progressive this seriol and this seriol most powerful and most of the seriol has a popular on srarting period. this seriol is not on based the child marrige it is also like a child but it not child marriage our goverment is prohibution act on to child marriage not to be drama and seriol bann so i have agree to the seriol is more progressive i fully support that the seriol is realeging continue.

This images is the new serial
Rishta likhenge ham naya

This serial is started the new idea for this generation and all people are like this serial because it is very interesting and emotional serial. Diya baisa safe her husband life because her  family members is anmy ratansinh.

here is some video of the rishta likhenge ham naya 

The play Digdarshak

The play Digdarshak

September 30, 2017

The play Digdarshak is very unique in its own theme. It is about the struggle of the hero, who started his journey from a drama artist. He promised to his drama teacher that he never went to the line of film industry, but still he breaks his promise and becomes hero of the industry. This is also the play of sacrifice that how one sacrifice his life, his family for his  work.
While watching the play we feel catharsis at the scene where the drammatist gives the money to his pupil which he saves for his own son to educate him in foreign countries. The teacher  remains totally detached from his family members to make his pupil a perfect drama artist but still that pupil left him alone.
In one sense we feel that the teacher has to expand his thoughts and has to come out to the world of industry to show his talent for progress. But if we think as a pure dramatist we find that an artist who loves his stage and had given his entire hard work to it, never want to leave that platform.
So this is all about the play that how the drama artist are struggled to make their own identity and how they raise their dislike for film industery.

Youth festival 

Today we went to saw our youth festival at MKBU,
The day was end with so many memorable moments. It was really very nice event organised on large scale at our university. First we all friends went to Amphi theatre where skit was going to be performed. All colleges performed very well,the best performance which i like the most is BAHUBALI BY KPES COLLEGE, it was amazing skit. It was full of current themes which our nation was facing now a days. That is price rise, sanitary, cleaning, the growing popularity of jio. As we know that , in the bahubali film, the mother of bhallal dev offering the states and power to him, but in this performance she offer 'jio' according to current situation of making India digital. And also bhallal dev jumped with happiness to this offer. The play covers the humor very well. All laugh loud and enyoyed a lot. In short time spam all things covered in this act. As this short skit also focus upon aristotle's view of unity of time, place and action. But mostly we can call it laughing comedy on current situation.

Then we went to 'sugam sangeet' where all r girls who participate. I dont know if there is any boy, there all are Saraswati sitting. All sings classical song melodiously. The performance which i like the most is of Riddhi of our department,she very sweetly sing the song of Lord krishna. I was mesmerized by her performance.

 Then afterwards we went to saw ' loknrutya'. The best event of the day. There were so many performance and the  most best Garba with dandiya performed by Sahjanand college and K.p.e.s college. We feel very delightful after watching that Loknrutya, it naturally evokes inner joy and we feel like we are also dancing on stage. Most stunning Loknrutya was performed by various colleges.
Since i was not able to saw all the events. But the event which i saw was remain in my mind forever. It was really nice memorable moments for lifetime, which i had collect with this youth festival :SHYAMAL 2017.

Metaphysical poetry

Metaphysical poetry

To evaluate my assignment click here 

Name - solanki Mayuri m. 

Roll no -28

Topic - metaphysical poetry 

Paper -1

Email - mayuribensolanki24@gmail.com 

Enrolment no -20691020180050

Submitted - Department of English maharajah krushnkumarsinhji bhavnager university

Metaphysical poetry in English literature
The metaphysical poets were a group of 17th-century poets who concerned themselves with the experience of man and the nature of being on the world. What is our place within the world and how to best define that place? Taking up the philosophy of metaphysics, first set forth by Aristotle, the metaphysical poets wrote of experience, including love, romance, beauty, imagination and man’s relationship with God. Less concerned with expressing feeling than with analyzing it .metaphysical poetry is marked by bold and ingenious conceits, metaphor, drawing something forced parallels between apparently dissimilar ideas or things complex and subtle thought, frequent use of paradox and a dramatic directness of language.
Although in no sense a school or movement proper, they share common characteristics of wit, inventiveness, and a love of elaborate stylistic maneuvers. Metaphysical concerns are the common subject of their poetry, which investigates the world by rational discussion of its phenomena rather than by intuition or mysticism.

WHAT IS METAPHYSICAL POETRY?
Metaphysical poetry is concerned with the whole experience of man, but the intelligence, learning and seriousness of the poets means that the poetry is about the profound areas of experience especially - about love, romantic and sensual; about man's relationship with God - the eternal perspective, and, to a less extent, about pleasure, learning and art. Metaphysical means dealing with the relationship between spirit to matter or the ultimate nature of reality
Metaphysical poems are lyric poems. They are brief but intense meditations, characterized by striking use of wit, irony and wordplay. Beneath the formal structure (of rhyme, meter and stanza) is the underlying (and often hardly less formal) structure of the poem's argument. Note that there may be two (or more) kinds of argument in a poem. In “To His Coy Mistress” the explicit argument (Marvell's request that the coy lady yield to his passion) is a stalking horse for the more serious argument about the transitoriness of pleasure. The outward levity conceals (barely) a deep seriousness of intent. You would be able to show how this theme of carpe diem (“seize the day”) is made clear in the third section of the poem.

ORIGIN OF THE NAME:
‘Metaphysical poets’ the name given to a diverse group of 17th‐century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far‐fetched imagery.
The word metaphysics is formed from the Greek meta ta phusika, a title which, about the year A.D. 70, was related by Andronicus of Rhodes to that collection of Aristotelian treatises which since then goes by the name of the "Metaphysics"

AGE:
The term "metaphysical" when applied to poetry has a long and interesting history. The term "Metaphysical Poet" was first coined by the critic Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) in his book ‘Life of Cowley’ and he used it as a disparaging term. Earlier, John Dryden had also been critical of the group of poets he grouped together as too proud of their wit. Johnson and Dryden valued the clarity, restraint and shapeliness of the poets of Augustan Rome (which is why some 18th century poets are called "Augustan," and therefore were antagonistic towards poets of the mid-17th century.
The Metaphysical poets were out of critical favor for the 18th and 19th centuries (obviously, the Romantic poets found little in this heavily intellectualized poetry). At the end of the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century, interest in this group picked up, and especially important was T.S. Eliot's famous essay "The Metaphysical Poets" Interest peaked this century with the New Critics school around mid-century, and now is tempering off a bit, though Donne, the original "Big Name" is being superceded now by interest in George Herbert, who's religious seeking and questioning seems to be hitting a critical nerve.

CHARACTERS OF METAPHYSICAL POETRY:
The metaphysical poems have been written following some chief characteristics. Such as:
o Use of ordinary speech mixed with puns, paradoxes and conceits (a paradoxical metaphor causing a shock to the reader by the strangeness of the objects compared; some examples: lovers and a compass, the soul and timber, the body and mind)
o The exaltation of wit, which in the 17th century meant a nimbleness of thought; a sense of fancy (imagination of a fantastic or whimsical nature); and originality in figures of speech
o Abstruse terminology often drawn from science or law
o Often poems are presented in the form of an argument
o In love poetry, the metaphysical poets often draw on ideas from Renaissance Neo-Platonism to show the relationship between the soul and body and the union of lovers' souls
o They also try to show a psychological realism when describing the tensions of love.
o These poems are full of Obscurity-which means confusion and haziness for common readers.

EXAMPLE OF SOME METAPHYSICAL POEMS:
John Donne- The Good-Morrow, The Sunne Rising, The Anniversarie, The Canonization, A Valediction Forbidding Mourning and A Nocturnall upon S. Lucies Day
George Herbert- Jordan (I), The Pearl, The Collar, Discipline and Love (III)
Andrew Marvell- The Coronet, Bermudas, To His Coy Mistress, The Definition of Love and The Garden
Henry Vaughan- He retreat, The World, Man and “They Are All Gone into the World of Light”

SOURCES OF METAPHYSICAL POEM:
The poems are from the activities of every spheres of life especially from craft, all the school of science, alchemy, Aristotle’s theory, philosophy, history, mythology, law, religion and different beliefs.

POETS OF THE METAPHYSICAL WORLD:
This is a very broad term, but it joins together a number of 17th century poets, most notable among them John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Andrew Marvell, Henry Vaughn and Abraham Cowley.

John Donne:
The last decade of sixteen century and early seventeen century a very strange style of verse is written by jone donne. He creates a new tend for writing poetry in the history of English literature. That’s why he possessed one of the keenest and most powerful intellects of the time. His poetry is noted for its ingenious fusion of wit and seriousness and represents a shift from classical models towards a more personal style. In that time he took the major position for writing metaphysical poetry.

John Donne born on 1572, Donne came from a Roman Catholic family,
Despite his great education and poetic talents he lived in poverty for several years. He started writing religious poems after his wife’s death, before that he wrote many love poems. He died on March 31, 1631.

Specialty of John Donne’s poetry:
Donne is considered the master of the metaphysical poetry. In his poem we get some unique versatility. Such as, He yoke together two entirely opposite ideas and told very serious matter with the help of playfulness.
Intellectuality, cleverness, unique diction sparklingly express through his poem. He draws the material of his figure of speech from highly unpoetical sources. The material is abstract but Donne gives it full poetic concrete Pictures. Specially his imagistic writing, use of conceit, abrupt opening with a dramatic style and colloquial diction made his poems highlighted.

George Herbert:
George Herbert was born in Montgomery, Wales, on April 3, 1593, the fifth son of Richard and Magdalen Newport Herbert.
His poetry shows that to a large extent he followed the lead offered by Donne, but he also made contributions which were quite distinct. Herbert's poems are characterized by a precision of language, a metrical versatility, and an ingenious use of imagery or conceits that was favored by the metaphysical school of poets.

Herbert's distinguishing characteristic is his simplicity of diction and metaphor. He retains the colloquial manner, and, to an extent, the logical persuasive presentation of ideas, but he draws his metaphors from everyday domestic experience, employing a range of simple commonplace imagery in contrast to the sophisticated imagery of Donne. A technique Herbert introduced was the ending of a poem with two quiet lines which resolve the argument in the poem without answering the specific points raised by it. . Herbert occasionally explores his doubts in intellectual terms, but answers them with emotion. Herbert's poetry is certainly about struggles of a religious kind. In these respects Herbert can be considered to have broken new ground, into which Henry Vaughan followed later.

Henry Vaughan:
Henry Vaughan was born in 1621 to Thomas Vaughan and Denise Morgan. He is considered one of the major Metaphysical Poets, whose works ponder one's personal relationship to God. He shares Herbert's preoccupation with the relationship between humanity and God. He saw mankind as restless and constantly seeking a sense of harmony and fulfilment through contact with God. Vaughan, in contrast, has the arrogance of a visionary. He feels humility before God and Jesus, but seems to despise humanity. In contrast, Vaughan's images are more universal, or cosmic, even to the point of judging man in relation to infinity. The term 'visionary' is appropriate to Vaughan, not only because of the grand scale of his images, but also because his metaphors frequently draw on the sense of vision.

Andrew Marvell:
Andrew Marvell was born at Winestead-in-Holderness, Yorkshire, on March 31, 1621. The life and work of Andrew Marvell are both marked by extraordinary variety and range. Gifted with a most subtle and introspective imagination. His technique of drawing upon philosophy to illustrate his argument gives the poem an intellectual appeal, not just a visual one. There is also complete devotion displayed in this first stage of the argument, namely:

"I would Love you ten years before the flood. And you should, if you please, refuse till the conversion of the Jews."

In Marvell we find the pretence of passion (in To His Coy Mistress) used as a peg on which to hang serious reflections on the brevity of happiness. The Definition of Love is an ironic game - more a love of definition let loose; the poem is cool, lucid and dispassionate, if gently self-mocking
Marvell considers whether the poetic skill which has formerly (and culpably) served to praise his "shepherdess" can "redress that Wrong", by weaving a "Chaplet" for Christ.

Richard Crashaw:
Richard Crashaw was born on 1613. He was the only son of William Crashaw, a puritan preacher in London who had officiated at the burning of Mary, Queen of Scots. He wrote many metaphysical poems following Donne. Though his verse is somewhat uneven in quality, at its best it is characterized by brilliant use of extravagant baroque imagery.

Crashaw owed all the basis of his style, as has been already hinted, to Donne. His originality was one of treatment and technique; he forged a more rapid and brilliant short line than any of his predecessors had done, and for brief intervals and along sudden paths of his own he carried English prosody to a higher refinement, a more glittering felicity, than it had ever achieved. Thus, in spite of his conceits and his romantic coloring, he points the way for Pope, who did not disdain to borrow from him freely.

Conclusion:
Metaphysical poets created a new trend in history of English literature. These poems have been created in such a way that one must have enough knowledge to get the actual meaning.
Metaphysical Poets made use of everyday speech, intellectual analysis, and unique imagery. The creator of metaphysical poetry john Donne along with his followers is successful not only in that Period but also in the modern age. Metaphysical poetry takes an important place in the history of English literature for its unique versatility and it is popular among thousand of peoples till now.

Raja Rao's narrative style

To evaluate my assignment click here 

Name - solanki Mayuri m.
Roll no - 28
Topic - Raja Rao's narrative style
Paper -4 Indian writing in English
Sem -1
Email - mayuribensolanki24@gmail.com
Enrolment no -20691020180050
Submitted - Department of English maharajah krushnkumarsinhji bhavnager univesity

Raja rao narrative style 

Introduction 

Raja Rao (8 November 1908 – 8 July 2006) was an Indian writer of English-language novels and short stories, whose works are deeply rooted in metaphysics The Serpent and the Rope (1960), semi autobiography novel recounting a search for spiritual truth in Europe and India, established him as one of the finest Indian prose stylists and won him the sahitya ekadami award  in 1964. For the entire body of his work, Rao was awarded the neustal international Prize for literature  in 1988. Rao's wide-ranging body of work, spanning a number of genres, is seen as a varied and significant contribution to Indian English literature, as well as World literature as a whole.

Early lifeEdit

Raja Rao was born on November 8, 1908 in Hassan , in the princely stat ofmysorenow inkarnatka in south india, into a smarth Brahmin family of the caste. He was the eldest of 9 siblings, having seven sisters and a brother named Yogeshwara Ananda. His father, H.V. Krishnaswamy, taught Kannada the native language of Karnataka, at Nisan college  in Hyderabad His mother, Gauramma, was a homemaker who died when Raja Rao was 4 years old.

The death of his mother, when he was four, left a lasting impression on the novelist – the absence of a mother and orphanhood are recurring themes in his work. Another influence from early life was his grandfather, with whom he lived in Hassan and Harihalli or Harohalli.

Rao was educated at amuslim  school, the Madarsa-e-Aliya in Hyderabad. Aftermatriculation in 1927, Rao studied for his degree at Nizam's College. at the osmania university , where he became friends with Ahmad Ali  He began learning French. After graduating from the University of Madras  having majored in English and history, he won the Asiatic Scholarship of the Government of Hyderabad in 1929, for study abroad.

 in France. He studied French university of the masterpieces language and literature, and later at the Sorbonne  in Paris, he explored the Indian influence on Irish literature. He married Camille Mouly, who taught French at Montpellier, in 1931. The marriage lasted until 1939. Later he depicted the breakdown of their marriage in The Serpent and the Rope. Rao published his first stories in French and English. During 1931–32 he contributed four articles written in Kannada  for Jaya Karnataka, an influential journal.

Fiction: Novels

K

The Serpent and the Rope (1960)

• The Cat and Shakespeare: A Tale of India(1965)
• Comrade Kirillov (1976)^[8]
• The Chessmaster and His Moves (1988)

Narrative style 

 Old Puranic Style:-

Raja Rao used the ancient Puranic method of storytelling rather than follows the western style, according to him puranic method of storytelling is natural and true to nature and true to the atmosphere of India, which gives it Indian ness to the novel. Kanthapura is third person narrative novel. Kanthpura is narrated by old woman Achkka. As Rao has told in his preface the story is told in oral tradition of storytelling without any break. He says in preface to Kanthapura

 “we, in India think quickly, we talk quickly, and when we move , we move quickly, we have neither punctuation nor the treacherous ‘ats’ and ‘ons’…. Episodes follows episodes, and when our thought stop, our breath stops, and we move on to another thought”   

          Western style method of chapter division is not followed and it is one continues tale. The long sentence shows flow of thought. This technique is used here in the present novel. In this novel the narrator talks to the reader for example in the very opening of Kanthapura Achakka says following lines

“our village- I don’t think you have ever heard about it Kanthapura is its name and it is the province of Kara. High Ghats, is it , high up the steep mountains, that face the cool Arabian seas, up the Malabar coast is it, up Mangalore and Puttur and many a center of cardamom and coffee, rise and sugarcane. Roads, narrow rut covered roads, wind through the forest of teak and jack of sandal and Sal, and hanging over bellowing gorges and leaping over elephant haunted valleys, they turn now to the left and now to the right and bring you through the Alambe, Champa and Meena and kola passes in to the great granaries of trade. There , on the blue waters they say our carted our cardamom and coffee gat in to the ship, the red men bring, and , so they say, they go across the seven oceans in to the countries where our rulers live ”.

In many of his stories also this method is used. This narrative method helps him to go in friendly conversational style and also to present freely the reflection of the narrator.

In his narrative style we see appropriateness of language. He uses language of all people. He brings out difference of language used by Educated, uneducated, old, young, even by man and woman. The narrator Achakka is very old age women who tells the story to her grand-children, she uses old religious word and language, that who doesn’t know about Indian myth and religion could not understand easily some words, he will find difficulties in understanding it. The Moorthy is young and educated man in village, and talks about the Gandhian thoughts idealism, and movement. Even the language used by women in village is also differs from man. They usually talks about house hold matters and about clothing and saris, which sari will she wears to go in katha.

            This narrative method has given the writer ample opportunity for portraying character by representing various moods, and conflict, and spiritual, inward of the character. This appropriateness of style one can notice in Raja Ra. Even in indianized English he brings out the difference in the language used by educated, uneducated, young and old. In the Kanthapura Achakka used such a language that is typical of an old woman. She expresses her feelings without any inhibition;

“If rain come not, you fall at her feet and say Kanchmma, goddess,

            You are not kind to us.

            Our fields are full of youngliness and you have given us no water.

            Tell us Kanchmma why do you seek to make our stomachs burn”

                        In the same novel he distinguishes the style of Harikatha man and Moorthy and many others from that of Achakka. Moorthy’s conversation would be good illustration. While explaining to Nanjamma about the advantage of spinning he says;

“it is yours sister, and every month, I shall come to you how many yard you have spun. And every month i shall gather your yarn send it to city. And city people reduce you for the cotton charges and for rest, you have your cloth”.

                        In the Indian socio-cultural context as in many others, the speaker normally addresses the listener as brother, mother, and sister or with some other term in social discourse. In many of the words languages including Indian languages “uncle, aunt, older brother, older sister etc. are appropriate terms of address in ordinary circumstances for familiar person as well as strangers older than one self.”

                        In Raja Rao especially in Kanthapura, the narrative is straight forward, and he uses flashback technique. Achakka tells the story to her grand-children, of her past in what kind of situation she passes through. She told story in different manner, sometimes while telling story she forgets the name of mythical characters, and confused between Shiv and Brahma, and Vishnu. She sometimes forget the story and then come back in present, and when she remembers she went back to past. The thing which we should note that she tell her children the story of Ram, of Shiva, of Vishnu, of Krishna. And then come back to the present time she compares the mythical character with present time of India in which she lives.

                        Raja Rao had written the novel in the three stand point: political, religious and social. To the peasant, Kenchamma is goddess, benign and bounteous.

In Political stand point Rao presented the prevailing condition, especially the Gandhian dis-obedient movement. The hierarchy system, in which Brahmins were most privilege group. And the village ruled by them, they get better scope to get good place in the village. 

 Religious background:-

The Village has a people who have strong rigid and orthodox background of religion. The Brahmin is upper cast of society. In the Kanthapura people are ignorant, poor and superstitious, but they are also deeply religious. They were faith in Goodness ‘Kenchamaa’. She is in the center of the village. Marriage, sickness, death, ploughing, harvesting, arrest, release all are watched by Kenchamma. They may be small pox or influence around but you make vow to the Goodness, the next morning, you walked and you find the fever has left you. There is a also temple of Kanthapurishwari.

Kenchamma, Kenchamma

Goddess benign, and bounteous,

Mother of earth, blood off life,

Harvest- queen-rain, crowned,

Kenchamma, Kenchamma

Goddess benign and bounteous……

If we see the social background, we find that the condition of Dalits, Parihar, and women is very poor in the village. They have very little space in the daily life. There was a cast system of vivid communities. These Dalits, Parihar and women are suppressed due to this cast system. The cast system is divided in four parts as under.

1)    Brahmin

2)    Parihar

3)    Potter

4) Weaver

ja Rao’s use of Myth:-

Raja Rao has used old story telling style. His use of myth makes it different from others. The use of myth is not new style of writing English writer like James Joyce and T.S. Eliot used myth in their work. Here in Kanthapura Rao used different myths from Indian epic Mahabharata, and Ramayana, which makes its narrative simple to understand for the Indian reader. Here for the progression of the story and narrator is an old woman so it’s inevitable that mythical character would not creep in. in a way to make it interesting Raja Rao has used myths. The myths he used are of Kenchamma, Rama, Shiva, Krishna etc.

The first myth is myth of goddess Kenchamma, she is the bread giver, rain giver, and their life giver and preserver. The villagers sing her charms and hymn

“Kenchamma, Kenchamma,

Goddess benign and bounteous

Mother of earth, blood of life,

Harvest-queen, rain- crowned

Kenchamma, Kenchamma

Goddess benign and bounteous”

Even when if there is any disease spread over the village the women prays her and disease vanished

                     “There may be smallpox or influence around you but you make a vow to goddess, the next morning you wake up and you find fever has left you”.

Another example is:

                        “she called ages, ages ago, a demon that had come to ask our sons as food and our young women as wives. Kanchmma came from heavens….and she waged such a battle and she fought so many a night that the blood soaked and soaked into the earth, and that is why the Kenchamma Hill is all red. if not, tell me sister, why it should be red only from the Tippur stream upward , for a foot down on the other side of the stream you have mud brown, but never red ?Tell me, how could this happen, if it were not for Kenchamma and her battle? Thank heaven, not did she slay the demon, but she even settled down among us, and this much I shall say never has she failed us in our grief.”

   Another myth is myth of lord Krishna Achakka compares Gandhi as Krishna and red men as Kans. When Hari-katha man says

                        “you remember how Krishna when he was but a babe of

                        Four, had begun to fight against demons and had killed

                        The serpent kali. So too our Mohandas begun to fight

Against the enemies of the country”

The third myth used by him was of lord Rama, for the grandmother in Kanthapura Swaraj is Sita, Mahatma is Ram, And Nehru is brother Bharat.

            “he will bring us Swaraj; the Mahatma. And we shall be all

            Happy, and Rama will come back from exile and sita will

            Be with him, for ravan will be slain and sita freed, and

            He will come back with sita on his right in chariot of the

            Air and brother Bharata will go to meet them with the

            Worshipped Sandal of the master on his head and they

            Enter Ayodhya, there will be the rain of flower.”

For grandmother Gandhi Is Invisible god and Moorthy is the visible avtar. So she was dreams about independence and it will be given by Mahatma. So Kanthapura is of puranic structure and brings characters from that to describe present time.

 Another distinguished narrative quality of Kanthapura isIndianized English language:Raja Rao variously tried to indianized language, he tried to make it more easy to express his feelings and certain thoughts. By number of ways he modified and mold language to get desired effect. He has translated the native similes and metaphors, idioms, and culture specific phrases that we use in our daily language or in vernacular language. Here for example;

“well when you have drunk the Himavati waters, you can’t ever look different.”

“Moorthy is holly bull, elephant and cow.”

For the various religious ceremony and rituals he translated the word without think much upon it the words like; hair-cutting ceremony, rice-eating ceremony, marriage ceremony and death ceremony, etc.

The use of adjectives:- the adjectives we use in our vernacular gives some effects, and native feeling to the language. some examples are “coffee planter Ramayya, fig tree, house people, corner-house Moorthy and cart-wheel Sivarama. By using word associated with Indian culture, like the names of the food, festivals, places, functions, etc. “He has infused tempo of Indian life in to English expression”. Karthik, Harikath, Sankara, Jayanthy, Payasama, Mayavada are few examples of Indian spirit.

Ø Conclusion:-

The novel starts with simple narration by an old woman about one of the village in India, later it evolves to entire India. The narration starts as tale is told to children by their grandmother as it is the Indian tradition. Raja Rao has combined the myth and Gandhian Movement very harmoniously, he use Hindu epic myth for authentication of his work by putting myth in novel he easily achieved his goal. Not only the use of myth makes it popular but, his intellectual power, his imaginative power, his ability to use and utilize the Indian words, and it’s his knowledge of Indian culture and people.